First Edition Jan 17, 2005 LCD Module Technical Specification Final Revision ****** Type No. T-51639D084JU-FW-A-AB Approved by (Quality Assurance Division) Checked by (ACI Engineering Division) Prepared by (ACI Engineering Division) No. Item Page -- CONTENTS 1 1 APPLICATION 2 2 OVERVIEW 3 3 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS 4 4 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS 4 5 INTERFACE PIN CONNECTION 7 6 INTERFACE TIMING 9 7 BLOCK DIAGRAM 14 8 MECHANICAL SPECIFICATION 15 9 OPTICAL CHARACTERISTICS 17 10 RELIABILITY TEST CONDITION 19 11 INSPECTION STANDARDS 20 12 HANDLING PRECAUTIONS FOR TFT-LCD MODULE 21 -- PACKAGING SPECIFICATION 24 -- PRODUCTS NUMBER LABELING FORMS 28 -- LAMP UNIT FOR 8.4" XGA 30 T-51639D084JU-FW-A-AB (AB) No. 2005-0004 OPTREX CORPORATION Page 1/36 1. APPLICATION This specification applies to color TFT-LCD module, T-51693D084JU-FW-A-AB. These specification papers are the proprietary product of OPTREX and include materials protected under copyright of OPTREX. No part of this document may be reproduced in any form or by any means without the express written permission of OPTREX. OPTREX does not assume any liability for infringement of patents, copyrights or other intellectual property rights of third parties by or arising from use of a product specified in this document. No license, express, implied or otherwise, is granted under any patents, copyrights or other intellectual property rights of OPTREX or of others. OPTREX classifies the usage of the TFT-LCD module as follows. Please confirm the usage before using the product. (1) Standard Usage Computers, office equipment, factory automation equipment, test and measurement equipment, communications, transportation equipment(automobiles, ships, trains, etc.), provided, however, that operation is not influenced by TFT-LCD directly. (2) Special Usage Medical equipment, safety equipment, transportation equipment, provided, however, that TFT-LCD is necessary to its operation. (3) Specific Usage Cockpit Equipment, military systems, aerospace equipment, nuclear reactor control systems, life support systems and any other equipment. OPTREX should make a contract that stipulate apportionment of responsibilities between OPTREX and our customer. The product specified in this document is designed for "Standard Usage" unless otherwise specified in this document. If customers intend to use the product for applications other than those specified for "Standard Usage", they should contact OPTREX sales representative in advance. OPTREX has been making continuous effort to improve the reliability of its products. Customers should implement sufficient reliability design of their application equipments such as redundant system design, fail-safe functions, anti-failure features. OPTREX assumes no responsibility for any damage resulting from the use of the product that does not comply with the instructions and the precautions specified in this document. Please contact and consult a OPTREX sales representative for any questions regarding this product. T-51639D084JU-FW-A-AB (AB) No. 2005-0004 OPTREX CORPORATION Page 2/36 2. OVERVIEW T-51639D084JU-FW-A-AB is 8.4" color TFT-LCD (Thin Film Transistor Liquid Crystal Display) module composed of LCD panel, driver ICs, control circuit, and backlight unit. By applying 6 bit or 8 bit digital data, 1024 x 768, 260K-color or 16.7M-color images are displayed on the 8.4" diagonal screen. Input power voltage is 3.3 V for LCD driving. The type of data and control signals are digital and transmitted via LVDS interface per Typ. 65 MHz clock cycle. Inverter for backlight is not included in this module. General specifications are summarized in the following table: ITEM SPECIFICATION 171.264(H) x 128.448 (V) (8.4-inch diagonal) Display Area (mm) Number of Dots 1024 x 3 (H) x 768 (V) Pixel Pitch (mm) 0.16725 (H) x 0.16725 (V) Color Pixel Arrangement RGB vertical stripe Display Mode Normally white TN Number of Color 260K(6 bit/color)16.7M(8 bit/color) Brightness (cd/m2) Wide Viewing Angle Technology 300 Optical Compensation Film Viewing Angle (CR 10) -65~65 (H) -50~60 (V) Surface Treatment Anti-glare and hard-coating 3H Electrical Interface LVDS(6 bit/8 bit) Optimum Viewing Angle (Contrast ratio) Module Size (mm) 12 o'clock 205.0 (W) x 152.4 (H) x 11.3 (D) Module Mass (g) Backlight Unit 380 CCFL, 2-tubes, edge-light, replaceable Characteristic value without any note is typical value. T-51639D084JU-FW-A-AB (AB) No. 2005-0004 OPTREX CORPORATION Page 3/36 3. ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS ITEM SYMBOL MIN. MAX. UNIT VCC 0 4.0 V Logic Input Voltage VI -0.3 VCC+0.3 V Lamp Voltage VL 0 2,000 Vrms Lamp Current IL 0 15 mArms Lamp Frequency FL 30 60 kHz Note 1,2) Top(Panel) -20 70 C Operation Temperature (Ambient) Note 2) Top(Ambient) -20 70 C Storage Temperature Note 2) Tstg -20 80 C Power Supply Voltage for LCD Operation Temperature (Panel) [Note] 1) Measured at the center of active area and at the center of panel back surface 2) Top,Tstg 40C : 90%RH max. without condensation Top,Tstg > 40C : Absolute humidity shall be less than the value of 90%RH at 40C without condensation. 4. ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (1) TFT- LCD Ambient Temperature: Ta = 25C ITEM SYMBOL MIN. TYP. MAX. UNIT Remarks Power Supply Voltage for LCD VCC 3.0 3.3 3.6 V *1) Power Supply Current for LCD ICC -- 370 550 mA *2) Permissive Input Ripple Voltage VRP -- -- 100 mVp-p VCC = +3.3V *1) Power and signals sequence: t1 10ms 200ms t5 0 < t2 50ms 200ms t6 0 < t3 50ms 0 t7 t4 10ms VCC 0.9VCC 0.9VCC data LCD Power Supply Logic Signal 0.1VCC 0.1VCC t1 t2 t3 t4 0.1VCC t5 VL Backlight Power Supply t6 t7 data: RGB DATA, DCLK, HD, VD, DENA, SC T-51639D084JU-FW-A-AB (AB) No. 2005-0004 OPTREX CORPORATION Page 4/36 VCC-dip conditions: 1) When 2.6 V VCC < 3.0 V, td 10 ms 2) When VCC < 2.6 V VCC-dip conditions shall also follow the power and signals sequence. 2.6 V 3.0 V VCC td *2) Current condition: 64-gray-bar-pattern(6 bit) 256-gray-bar-pattern(8 bit) 768 line mode VCC = +3.3 V, fH = 48.4 kHz, fV = 60 Hz, fCLK = 65 MHz (2) Backlight Ta = 25C ITEM SYMBOL MIN. TYP. MAX. UNIT Remarks Lamp Voltage VL -- 450 -- Vrms IL = 6.0 mArms Lamp Current IL 3.0 6.0 6.5 mArms *1), *5) Lamp Frequency FL 30 -- 60 kHz *2) 750 -- -- Vrms Ta = 25C 1125 -- -- Vrms Ta = 0C -- Vrms Starting Lamp Voltage VS Ta = -20C *3), *4), IL = 6.0 mArms Lamp Life Time LT 50,000 --h Continuous Operation *1) Lamp Current measurement method (The current meter is inserted in low voltage line.) 1440 CTL LCD Module -- A CTH CTL A Inverter Power Supply CTH *2) Lamp frequency of inverter may produce interference with horizontal synchronous frequency, and this may cause horizontal beat on the display. Therefore, please adjust lamp frequency, and keep inverter as far from module as possible or use electronic shielding between inverter and module to avoid the interference. *3) Lamp life time is defined as the time either when the brightness becomes 50% of the initial value, or when the starting lamp voltage does not meet the value specified in this table. *4) The life time of the backlight depends on the ambient temperature. The life time will decrease under low/high temperature. T-51639D084JU-FW-A-AB (AB) No. 2005-0004 OPTREX CORPORATION Page 5/36 *5) Please use the inverter which has symmetrical current wave form as follows, The degree of unbalance: less than 10% The ratio of wave height: less than IPH IPL 2 10% IPH: High side peak IPL: Low side peak The degree of unbalance = |IPH - IPL| / Irms x 100(%) The ratio of wave height = IPH(or IPL) / Irms CURRENT WAVE FORM T-51639D084JU-FW-A-AB (AB) No. 2005-0004 OPTREX CORPORATION Page 6/36 5. INTERFACE PIN CONNECTION (1) CN 1(Interface Signal) Used connector: FI-SEB20P-HFE(JAE) Corresponding connector: FI-S20S[for discrete wire], FI-SE20M[for SMT] Function (ISP 6 bit compatibility mode) Pin Function (ISP 8 bit Symbol No. compatibility mode) 6 bit input 8 bit input 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 +3.3 V Power supply +3.3 V Power supply GND GND R0, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, G0 R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, G2 R0, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, G0 R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, G2 GND G1, G2, G3, G4, G5, B0, B1 G3, G4, G5, G6, G7, B2, B3 G1, G2, G3, G4, G5, B0, B1 G3, G4, G5, G6, G7, B2, B3 GND B2, B3, B4, B5, HD, VD, B4, B5, B6, B7, HD, VD, Link 2DENA DENA B2, B3, B4, B5, HD, VD, B4, B5, B6, B7, HD, VD, Link 2+ DENA DENA GND GND CLKINClock - Clock + CLKIN+ GND GND Link3- See: *2) R0, R1, G0, G1, B0, B1 Link3+ See: *2) R0, R1, G0, G1, B0, B1 VCC VCC GND GND Link 0Link 0+ GND Link 1Link 1+ GND MODE Low=ISP 6 bit compatibility mode Scan direction Control. Low = Normal, High = Reverse 20 SC *1) The shielding case is connected with GND *2) Recommended wiring of Pin 17,18 (6 bit input) R0, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, G0 R0, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, G0 G1, G2, G3, G4, G5, B0, B1 G1, G2, G3, G4, G5, B0, B1 B2, B3, B4, B5, HD, VD, DENA B2, B3, B4, B5, HD, VD, DENA R6, R7, G6, G7, B6, B7 R6, R7, G6, G7, B6, B7 High=ISP 8 bit compatibility mode VCC LVDS transmitter LOW data 680 Pin 17 Pin 17 Pin 18 or Pin 18 620 (2) CN 2,3 (Backlight) Used connector: BHR-02(8.0)VS-1N(JST) Corresponding connector: SM02(8.0)B-BHS(JST) Pin No. Symbol Function 1 CTH VBLHHigh Voltage 2 CTL VBLLLow Voltage [Note] VBLH-VBLL = VL T-51639D084JU-FW-A-AB (AB) No. 2005-0004 OPTREX CORPORATION Page 7/36 (3) ISP data mapping a. ISP 6 bit compatibility mode(6 bit input) CLKIN+/1CLK Link0+/- G0 R5 R4 R3 R2 R1 R0 Link1+/- B1 B0 G5 G4 G3 G2 G1 Link2+/- DENA VD HD B5 B4 B3 B2 b. ISP 6 bit compatibility mode(8 bit input) CLKIN+/1CLK Link0+/- G2 R7 R6 R5 R4 R3 R2 Link1+/- B3 B2 G7 G6 G5 G4 G3 Link2+/- DENA VD HD B7 B6 B5 B4 B1 B0 G1 G0 R1 R0 Link3+/- c. ISP 8 bit compatibility mode CLKIN+/1CLK Link0+/- G0 R5 R4 R3 R2 R1 R0 Link1+/- B1 B0 G5 G4 G3 G2 G1 Link2+/- DENA VD HD B5 B4 B3 B2 B7 B6 G7 G6 R7 R6 Link3+/- T-51639D084JU-FW-A-AB (AB) No. 2005-0004 OPTREX CORPORATION Page 8/36 6. INTERFACE TIMING LVDS transmitter input signal (1)Timing Specifications ITEM DCLK DENA HD VD SYMBOL MIN. TYP. MAX. UNIT Frequency fCLK 43.6 65 80 MHz Period tCLK 12.5 15.4 22.9 ns Horizontal Active Time tHA 1024 1024 1024 tCLK Horizontal Front Porch tHFP 0 24 -- tCLK Horizontal Back Porch tHBP 4 296 -- tCLK Vertical Active Time tVA 768 768 768 tH Vertical Front Porch tVFP 2 3 -- tH Vertical Back Porch tVBP 1 35 -- tH Frequency fH 42.4 48.4 60 kHz Period tH 16.6 20.7 23.6 s Low Width tWHL 1 136 -- tCLK Frequency fV 55 60 75 Hz Period tV 13.3 16.7 18.2 ms tWVL 1 6 -- tH Low Width [Note] 1) Polarities of HD and VD are negative in this specification. 2) DENA (Data Enable) shall always be positive polarity as shown in the timing specification. 3) DCLK shall appear during all invalid period, and HD shall appear during invalid period of frame cycle. 4) LVDS timing follows the timing specifications of LVDS receiver IC: THC63LVDF84B(Thine). 5) 20 tHFP + tHBP < 512 T-51639D084JU-FW-A-AB (AB) No. 2005-0004 OPTREX CORPORATION Page 9/36 (2) Timing Chart a. Horizontal Timing Chart DCLK First Data DATA (R,G,B) Invalid Data tHFP 1 2 Last Data 3 1023 1024 Invalid Data tHA tHBP DENA tH=1/fH tWHL HD b. Vertical Timing Chart HD LINE DATA Invalid Data tVFP 1 tVBP 2 3 767 768 Invalid Data tVA DENA tV=1/fV tWVL VD T-51639D084JU-FW-A-AB (AB) No. 2005-0004 OPTREX CORPORATION Page 10/36 (3) Color Data Assignment a. 6 bit input INPUT DATA G DATA R DATA COLOR R5 R4 R3 R2 R1 MSB R0 G5 G4 G3 G2 G1 LSB MSB B DATA G0 B5 B4 B3 B2 B1 LSB MSB B0 LSB BLACK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 RED(63) 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GREEN(63) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BASIC BLUE(63) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 COLOR CYAN 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 MAGENTA 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 YELLOW 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 WHITE 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 RED(1) 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 RED(2) 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 RED(62) 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 RED(63) 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GREEN(1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 GREEN(2) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GREEN(62) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GREEN(63) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BLUE(1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 BLUE(2) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 BLUE(62) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 BLUE(63) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 RED GREEN BLUE [Note] 1) Definition of gray scale Color (n) --- n indicates gray scale level. Higher n means brighter level. 2) Data 1:High, 0: Low T-51639D084JU-FW-A-AB (AB) No. 2005-0004 OPTREX CORPORATION Page 11/36 b. 8 bit input INPUT DATA R DATA COLOR R7 G DATA R6 R5 R4 R3 R2 R1 R0 MSB G7 B DATA G6 G5 G4 G3 G2 G1 G0 LSB MSB B7 B6 B5 B4 B3 B2 B1 B0 LSB MSB LSB BLACK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 RED(255) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GREEN(255) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BASIC BLUE(255) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 COLOR CYAN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 MAGENTA 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 YELLOW 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WHITE 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 RED(1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 RED(2) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 RED(255) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GREEN(1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GREEN(2) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GREEN(255) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BLUE(1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 BLUE(2) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 BLUE(255) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 RED GREEN BLUE [Note] 1) Definition of gray scale Color (n) --- n indicates gray scale level. Higher n means brighter level. 2) Data 1:High, 0: Low T-51639D084JU-FW-A-AB (AB) No. 2005-0004 OPTREX CORPORATION Page 12/36 (4) Display Position and Scan Direction D(X,Y) shows the data number of input signal for LCD panel signal processing PCB. SC: Low D(1,1) D(1024,1) D(1,768) D(1024,768) T-51639D084JU-FW-A-AB (AB) No. 2005-0004 CN2 CN3 SC: High D(1024,768) D(1024,1) OPTREX CORPORATION D(1,768) D(1,1) Page 13/36 CN2 CN3 G1 Drivers(gate) G2 TFT-LCD S3072 S3071 Power Supply Circuit S2 G768 S1 Power I/F Connector CN1 Timing signal Display data Timing Converter 7. BLOCK DIAGRAM Drivers(source) BACKLIGHT CCFL CN2,3 1 2 T-51639D084JU-FW-A-AB (AB) No. 2005-0004 OPTREX CORPORATION Page 14/36 8. MECHANICAL SPECIFICATIONS (1) Front Side Unit:mm T-51639D084JU-FW-A-AB (AB) No. 2005-0004 OPTREX CORPORATION Page 15/36 (2) Rear Side Unit:mm [Note] We recommend you referring to the detailed drawing for your design. Please contact our company sales representative when you need the detailed drawing. T-51639D084JU-FW-A-AB (AB) No. 2005-0004 OPTREX CORPORATION Page 16/36 9. OPTICAL CHARACTERISTICS Ta = 25C, VCC = 3.3 V, Input Signals: Typ. Values shown in Section 6 ITEM Contrast Ratio Luminance Luminance Uniformity Response Time SYMBOL CONDITION Remarks 400 -- -- *1)*2)*6) Lw = = 0 250 300 -- cd/m2 *1)*3)*6) Lw = = 0 -- -- 30 % *1)*4)*6) tr = = 0 -- 6 -- ms *1)*5)*6) tf = = 0 -- 19 -- ms *1)*5)*6) -5555 -6565 -- *1)*6) -4050 -5060 -- *1)*6) -7070 -8080 -- *1)*6) -6070 -7080 -- *1)*6) -- -- 2 s *7) Rx 0.539 0.569 0.599 Ry 0.297 0.327 0.357 Gx 0.287 0.317 0.347 0.490 0.520 0.550 0.125 0.155 0.185 -- *1)*6) By 0.118 0.148 0.178 Wx 0.283 0.313 0.343 Wy 0.299 0.329 0.359 Vertical Angle Horizontal Vertical CR 10 CR 5 tis Color Gy Coordinates Blue Bx White UNIT 300 Viewing Green MAX. = = 0 Red TYP. CR Horizontal Image Sticking MIN. 2h = = 0 [Note] These items are measured using CS1000(MINOLTA) for color coordinates, EZContrast(ELDIM) for viewing angle, and CS1000 or BM-5A(TOPCON) for others under the dark room condition (no ambient light) after more than 30 minutes from turning on the lamp unless noted. Condition: IL = 6.0 mArms, FL = 55 kHz *1) Measurement Point Contrast Ratio, Luminance, Response Time, Viewing Angle, Color Coordinates: Display Center Luminance Uniformity: point 15 shown in a figure below (1,1) 192 256 768 1 2 5 384 576 512 3 4 (1024,768) *2) Definition of Contrast Ratio CR=ON (White) Luminance / OFF(Black) Luminance *3) Definition of Luminance Lw= ON (White) Luminance T-51639D084JU-FW-A-AB (AB) No. 2005-0004 OPTREX CORPORATION Page 17/36 *4) Definition of Luminance Uniformity Lw=[Lw(MAX)/Lw(MIN)-1] x 100 *5) Definition of Response Time White 90% 90% Luminance 10% Black 10% tf tr *6) Definition of Viewing Angle( , ) *7) Image Sticking Continuously display the test pattern shown in the figure below for two-hours. Then display a completely white screen. The previous image shall not persist more than two seconds at 25C. Cols 510-514 White Area Rows 382-386 Black Lines TEST PATTERN FOR IMAGE STICKING TEST T-51639D084JU-FW-A-AB (AB) No. 2005-0004 OPTREX CORPORATION Page 18/36 10. RELIABILITY TEST CONDITION (1) Temperature and Humidity TEST ITEM CONDITIONS HIGH TEMPERATURE HIGH HUMIDITY OPERATION 40C, 90% RH, 240h (No condensation) HIGH TEMPERATURE STORAGE 80C, 240 h LOW TEMPERATURE STORAGE -20C, 240 h THERMAL SHOCK (NON- OPERATION) BETWEEN -20C (1h) and 80C(1h), 100 CYCLES (2) Shock & Vibration ITEM CONDITIONS Shock level: 980 m/s2 (100 G) SHOCK (NON-OPERATION) Waveform: half sinusoidal wave, 2 ms Number of shocks: one shock input in each direction of three mutually Perpendicular axes for a total of six shock inputs Vibration level: 9.8 m/s2 (1.0 G) Waveform: sinusoidal VIBRATION (NON-OPERATION) Frequency range: 5 to 500Hz Frequency sweep rate: 0.5 octave /min Duration: one sweep from 5 to 500 Hz in each of three mutually Perpendicular axis(each x,y,z axis: 1 hour, total 3 hours) (3) Judgment standard The judgment of the above tests should be made as follow: Pass: Normal display image, no damage of the display function. (ex. no line defect) Partial transformation of the module parts should be ignored. Fail: No display image, damage of the display function. (ex. line defect) T-51639D084JU-FW-A-AB (AB) No. 2005-0004 OPTREX CORPORATION Page 19/36